Newborn screening (NBS) is a public health program of screening in infants shortly after birth for conditions that are treatable, but not clinically evident in the newborn period. The goal is to identify infants at risk for these conditions early enough to confirm the diagnosis and provide intervention that will alter the clinical course of the disease and prevent or ameliorate the clinical manifestations. NBS started with the discovery that the amino acid disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) could be treated by dietary adjustment, and that early intervention was required for the best outcome. Infants with PKU appear normal at birth, but are unable to metabolize the essential amino acid phenylalanine, resulting in irreversible intellectual disability. In the 1960s, Robert Guthrie developed a simple method using a bacterial inhibition assay that could detect high levels of phenylalanine in blood shortly after a baby was born. Guthrie also pioneered the collection of blood on filter paper which could be easily transported, recognizing the need for a simple system if the screening was going to be done on a large scale. Newborn screening around the world is still done using similar filter paper. NBS was first introduced as a public health program in the United States in the early 1960s, and has expanded to countries around the world.
"}{"type":"standard","title":"S2 (ZVV)","displaytitle":"S2 (ZVV)","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q7388254","titles":{"canonical":"S2_(ZVV)","normalized":"S2 (ZVV)","display":"S2 (ZVV)"},"pageid":23135316,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pf%C3%A4ffikon_SZ_IMG_5569.JPG/330px-Pf%C3%A4ffikon_SZ_IMG_5569.JPG","width":320,"height":213},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Pf%C3%A4ffikon_SZ_IMG_5569.JPG","width":4288,"height":2848},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1290132648","tid":"2ec86513-2f95-11f0-8f47-03277c05cc4a","timestamp":"2025-05-13T00:57:03Z","description":"Railway service in Switzerland","description_source":"local","content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2_(ZVV)","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2_(ZVV)?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2_(ZVV)?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:S2_(ZVV)"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2_(ZVV)","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/S2_(ZVV)","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2_(ZVV)?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:S2_(ZVV)"}},"extract":"The S2 is a railway service of the Zurich S-Bahn on the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV) transportation network, and is one of the network's services connecting the canton of Zurich with the cantons of Schwyz and St. Gallen.","extract_html":"
The S2 is a railway service of the Zurich S-Bahn on the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV) transportation network, and is one of the network's services connecting the canton of Zurich with the cantons of Schwyz and St. Gallen.
"}{"type":"standard","title":"Pusté Úľany","displaytitle":"Pusté Úľany","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q1043571","titles":{"canonical":"Pusté_Úľany","normalized":"Pusté Úľany","display":"Pusté Úľany"},"pageid":7916722,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany_kostol_03.jpg/330px-Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany_kostol_03.jpg","width":320,"height":240},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany_kostol_03.jpg","width":4000,"height":3000},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1255060694","tid":"2a7c0fcb-996e-11ef-a567-4ec6a0cc204c","timestamp":"2024-11-02T22:59:51Z","description":"Municipality in Slovakia","description_source":"local","coordinates":{"lat":48.23333333,"lon":17.56666667},"content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Pust%C3%A9_%C3%9A%C4%BEany"}},"extract":"Pusté Úľany is a village and municipality in Galanta District of the Trnava Region of south-west Slovakia.","extract_html":"
Pusté Úľany is a village and municipality in Galanta District of the Trnava Region of south-west Slovakia.
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